BIO NOTES & FACTS

Bryophyta  Mosses  Characteristics:-  They mostly prefer moist and shady habitats Their plant body is simple: They don't produce their own seeds or flowers, They have simple leaves which is covered with thin stems, They have root-like structures, Rhizoids  Like liverworts, the gametophyte is the predominant stage in the life cycle of mosses Gametophyte:- it consists of 2 stages Protenema It develops from a spore, They are green, creeping and branched structure Leafy stage (final gametophyte)  It develops from secondary protonema, They have an upright axis with spirally arranged leaves  Examples;- Funaria, Sphagnum, Common hair cap moss  Reproduction:- Asexual reproduction Fragmentation:- Stems, leaves from the moss accidentally broken off can regenerate to form a new plant. Budding:- New individual is formed as an outgrowth  of the parent, Daughter separates away and parent continues to exist  Sexual reproduction -They resemble leafy liverworts -Female and mal

Bryophyta Body differentiation exists:- They have stem-like and leaf-like structure  These are known as plant amphibians because even if they live in soil but they need water to complete their life cycle. water is something which is mandatory for them.  They are mostly found in moist hilly areas the specialized vascular tissue is  absent in them  They play a very significant role in preventing soil erosion They have hidden reproductive system-cryptogamae Example; Mosses, hornworts, liverworts Structure  Here body differentiation exists  They are erect with unicellular/ multicellular rhizoids (Rhizoids: -Hair-like structures from the lower epidermal cells  of bryophytes )  There are no true roots/stem/leaves  Reproduction Asexual reproduction:- They reproduce asexually through fragmentation Spore formation Sexual reproduction:- Gametophyte (plants which produce gametes ) Male gamete - Antherozoid ( They are motile ) Female gamete- Egg (nonmotil