BIO NOTES & FACTS

Bryophyta Body differentiation exists:- They have stem-like and leaf-like structure  These are known as plant amphibians because even if they live in soil but they need water to complete their life cycle. water is something which is mandatory for them.  They are mostly found in moist hilly areas the specialized vascular tissue is  absent in them  They play a very significant role in preventing soil erosion They have hidden reproductive system-cryptogamae Example; Mosses, hornworts, liverworts Structure  Here body differentiation exists  They are erect with unicellular/ multicellular rhizoids (Rhizoids: -Hair-like structures from the lower epidermal cells  of bryophytes )  There are no true roots/stem/leaves  Reproduction Asexual reproduction:- They reproduce asexually through fragmentation Spore formation Sexual reproduction:- Gametophyte (plants which produce gametes ) Male gamete - Anthero...

Viruses Non living  :-  No components of cell  No cell membrane  Inert  No metabolism No reproduction on its own  Living :- Inert only outside a living host Possess genetic material (DNA/RNA ) They can reproduce / mutate when inside a living host Viruses  Acellular Extremely small "Virus" term is given by ivanowsky Inert outside a host Obligate parasite They are those parasites that cannot complete its life cycle without exploiting a suitable host  Structure : It is a nucleoprotein It contains a protein, genetic material in the form of RNA/DNA It has a protein coat :-capsid ensures protection of nucleic acid Capsid contains helical arrangement of capsomeres  Plant viruses :-  single strand of RNA  Animal viruses :- double strand of RNA/DNA  Bacterial viruses :- Bacteriophages (double strand of DNA ) Diseases :- AIDS , Small pox , Mumps , Influenza, Dwarfing in plants, Mosai...

Fungi They are eukaryotes having specific membrane bound cell organelles and distinct nucleus They are multicellular made up of multiple cells Exception :-yeast  They are heterotrophic in nature i,e they depend on others They prefer warm & moist places to grow.  They are found in air, water, soil, on animal & plant They are immobile Cells walls are present Structure of fungi Most fungi grow as Hyphae   Hyphae ;-They are long slender, thread like structures. Interconnected network of hyphae forms Mycelium. Cell wall is made up of chitin & polysaccharides. Nutrition :- Heterotrophic Saprophytes - Feed on dead & decomposed matters Some can be parasitic - depending on living plants/ animals Some exist in  symbiotic relationship with  other organism. Fungi: symbiosis  An association between two or more species where one/ both are mutually benefited  Various  symbiotic relationship ...

Dianoflagellates They are protists  with two flagella that's why they are called dianoflagellates  They are neither plant nor animal-like protist  They contain chlorophyll/ carotene/ several groups of Xanthophylls   complex cell covering, cortex is present  Light sensitive organelle, eye spot is found in some of them Erythropsidium :-smallest known eye Habitat :-aquatic (can be fresh water / marine ) Nutrition - photosynthetic, ingestion of prey through Oodinium, Notiluca Reproduction :-fission (asexual ) Sexual mode is seen only in some of them  Red tide They are also known as algal bloom  The coloration of the sea into red is due to rapid multiplication of the red dianoflagellates, gonyaulux, is termed red tide Chemicals released during this processs is extremely harmful for the survival of other aquatic life Euglenoids They share characteristics of both plants and animals  They have a shape cha...

Diatomaceous earth Accumulation of cell wall  deposits of diatoms over several years form diatomaceous earth Uses Filteration of oils and syrups Polishing Tooth pastes Grains storage in agriculture Facial scrubs 

Monera reproduction Asexual mode Sexual mode Asexual mode of reproduction Monera reproduces mostly through asexual mode of reproduction by fission, spore formation etc. Sexual mode of reproduction

Biological classification Topics Introduction 2-kingdom classification whittaker 5-kingdom classification kingdom monera  Archaebacteria Eubacteria Mycoplasma kingdom protista chrosophytes Dianoflagellates Euglenoids Slime moulds Protozoans Kingdom fungi Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes Viruses,viroids &lichens Introduction classification of living organism classifying living organism into groups based on their certain  set of characteristics (characteristics is a feature or a quality belonging to a particular  organism) Aristotle's attempt to classify living organism. He classified organisms based on habitats Land (terrestrial) -cat, dogs,human beings water(aquatic )-fish,shark,octopus Air(aerial )-bat,crow etc. He classified plants also; Herbs Shrubs Trees But then this type of classification is not very effective,because it was seen that even though there we...