BIO NOTES & FACTS

Thallophyta These are the plants with no body differentiation They do have a specific root, stem, leaves so they do not have specific differentiation   They prefer aquatic habitats examples :-green algae In thallophyta they have a hidden reproductive system -cryptogamae Algae They are autotrophic  Habitat :- Mostly aquatic (freshwater/ marine )  , found in most soil/ wood  Structure :- It can be unicellular,colonial, filamanteous  Examples :-volvox ( colonial ), Chlamydomonas (unicellular ), Ulothrix (filamenteous ), Spirogyra ( filamenteous ), Ulva, Cladophora (branched filaments) it is also known as river weed Algae reproduction  Asexual reproduction :- Fragmentation Parent organism will break into new pieces or multiple pieces on maturity, each of which give rise to a new individual. Example :- spirogyra when it  becomes matures it breaks into new pieces and each of these pieces are able to give rise to a ne...

P LA NT  KINGDOM Plantae : characterstics Eukaryotes :-specific membrane bound cell organelle & distinct nucleus  Multicellular :- they are  made up of multiple cells  Autotrophic :- prepare their own food  Immobile  They can be aquatic or land plants  Their cell walls are present Classification system  Artificial Natural Phylogenetic Artificial classification system   External morphological characters  Advantages :-closely related species could be classified  Limitations :- Equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characterstics Natural classification system  External as well as internal characters are the basis of classification Advantages :-overshadows limitations of artificial system                        Establishes relationship between organism  Limitations :-closely related organism can differ in important p...

Viruses Non living  :-  No components of cell  No cell membrane  Inert  No metabolism No reproduction on its own  Living :- Inert only outside a living host Possess genetic material (DNA/RNA ) They can reproduce / mutate when inside a living host Viruses  Acellular Extremely small "Virus" term is given by ivanowsky Inert outside a host Obligate parasite They are those parasites that cannot complete its life cycle without exploiting a suitable host  Structure : It is a nucleoprotein It contains a protein, genetic material in the form of RNA/DNA It has a protein coat :-capsid ensures protection of nucleic acid Capsid contains helical arrangement of capsomeres  Plant viruses :-  single strand of RNA  Animal viruses :- double strand of RNA/DNA  Bacterial viruses :- Bacteriophages (double strand of DNA ) Diseases :- AIDS , Small pox , Mumps , Influenza, Dwarfing in plants, Mosai...

Fungi They are eukaryotes having specific membrane bound cell organelles and distinct nucleus They are multicellular made up of multiple cells Exception :-yeast  They are heterotrophic in nature i,e they depend on others They prefer warm & moist places to grow.  They are found in air, water, soil, on animal & plant They are immobile Cells walls are present Structure of fungi Most fungi grow as Hyphae   Hyphae ;-They are long slender, thread like structures. Interconnected network of hyphae forms Mycelium. Cell wall is made up of chitin & polysaccharides. Nutrition :- Heterotrophic Saprophytes - Feed on dead & decomposed matters Some can be parasitic - depending on living plants/ animals Some exist in  symbiotic relationship with  other organism. Fungi: symbiosis  An association between two or more species where one/ both are mutually benefited  Various  symbiotic relationship ...

Dianoflagellates They are protists  with two flagella that's why they are called dianoflagellates  They are neither plant nor animal-like protist  They contain chlorophyll/ carotene/ several groups of Xanthophylls   complex cell covering, cortex is present  Light sensitive organelle, eye spot is found in some of them Erythropsidium :-smallest known eye Habitat :-aquatic (can be fresh water / marine ) Nutrition - photosynthetic, ingestion of prey through Oodinium, Notiluca Reproduction :-fission (asexual ) Sexual mode is seen only in some of them  Red tide They are also known as algal bloom  The coloration of the sea into red is due to rapid multiplication of the red dianoflagellates, gonyaulux, is termed red tide Chemicals released during this processs is extremely harmful for the survival of other aquatic life Euglenoids They share characteristics of both plants and animals  They have a shape cha...

Diatomaceous earth Accumulation of cell wall  deposits of diatoms over several years form diatomaceous earth Uses Filteration of oils and syrups Polishing Tooth pastes Grains storage in agriculture Facial scrubs 

Protista Characteristics Eukaryotes :-Specific membrane-bound cell organelles & distinct nucleus  They are mostly  unicellular i,e made of one cell Some are autotrophic, while other are heterotrophic They prefer moist and aquatic habitats They reproduce both sexually and asexually They are plant - like protists (algae)  They are animal like - protists(protozoa) They are fungus like -protists (slime moulds, water moulds ) Protists They are of  five types:- Chrysophytes Euglenoids Protozoans Dianoflagellates Slime moulds Chrysophytes They are also known as golden plants They are diatoms  plant- like protists They contain chlorophyll, carotene, & Xanthophylls Rigid cell wall made of pectin/cellulose/sillica Habitat:-  Aquatic Can be fresh water/ marine Float passively on water Mostly photosynthetic Diatoms: main producers of food in oceans  Store food as oil  Few are heterotrophic eating ...