BIO NOTES & FACTS

Thallophyta These are the plants with no body differentiation They do have a specific root, stem, leaves so they do not have specific differentiation   They prefer aquatic habitats examples :-green algae In thallophyta they have a hidden reproductive system -cryptogamae Algae They are autotrophic  Habitat :- Mostly aquatic (freshwater/ marine )  , found in most soil/ wood  Structure :- It can be unicellular,colonial, filamanteous  Examples :-volvox ( colonial ), Chlamydomonas (unicellular ), Ulothrix (filamenteous ), Spirogyra ( filamenteous ), Ulva, Cladophora (branched filaments) it is also known as river weed Algae reproduction  Asexual reproduction :- Fragmentation Parent organism will break into new pieces or multiple pieces on maturity, each of which give rise to a new individual. Example :- spirogyra when it  becomes matures it breaks into new pieces and each of these pieces are able to give rise to a new organism altogether. Fission  

P LA NT  KINGDOM Plantae : characterstics Eukaryotes :-specific membrane bound cell organelle & distinct nucleus  Multicellular :- they are  made up of multiple cells  Autotrophic :- prepare their own food  Immobile  They can be aquatic or land plants  Their cell walls are present Classification system  Artificial Natural Phylogenetic Artificial classification system   External morphological characters  Advantages :-closely related species could be classified  Limitations :- Equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characterstics Natural classification system  External as well as internal characters are the basis of classification Advantages :-overshadows limitations of artificial system                        Establishes relationship between organism  Limitations :-closely related organism can differ in important properties  Phylogenetic classification system  Evolutionary relationships between organisms are the basis of classification

Viruses Non living  :-  No components of cell  No cell membrane  Inert  No metabolism No reproduction on its own  Living :- Inert only outside a living host Possess genetic material (DNA/RNA ) They can reproduce / mutate when inside a living host Viruses  Acellular Extremely small "Virus" term is given by ivanowsky Inert outside a host Obligate parasite They are those parasites that cannot complete its life cycle without exploiting a suitable host  Structure : It is a nucleoprotein It contains a protein, genetic material in the form of RNA/DNA It has a protein coat :-capsid ensures protection of nucleic acid Capsid contains helical arrangement of capsomeres  Plant viruses :-  single strand of RNA  Animal viruses :- double strand of RNA/DNA  Bacterial viruses :- Bacteriophages (double strand of DNA ) Diseases :- AIDS , Small pox , Mumps , Influenza, Dwarfing in plants, Mosaic formation in plants  Viroids Viroids mea

Fungi They are eukaryotes having specific membrane bound cell organelles and distinct nucleus They are multicellular made up of multiple cells Exception :-yeast  They are heterotrophic in nature i,e they depend on others They prefer warm & moist places to grow.  They are found in air, water, soil, on animal & plant They are immobile Cells walls are present Structure of fungi Most fungi grow as Hyphae   Hyphae ;-They are long slender, thread like structures. Interconnected network of hyphae forms Mycelium. Cell wall is made up of chitin & polysaccharides. Nutrition :- Heterotrophic Saprophytes - Feed on dead & decomposed matters Some can be parasitic - depending on living plants/ animals Some exist in  symbiotic relationship with  other organism. Fungi: symbiosis  An association between two or more species where one/ both are mutually benefited  Various  symbiotic relationship are :- Obligate relationship - organisms

Dianoflagellates They are protists  with two flagella that's why they are called dianoflagellates  They are neither plant nor animal-like protist  They contain chlorophyll/ carotene/ several groups of Xanthophylls   complex cell covering, cortex is present  Light sensitive organelle, eye spot is found in some of them Erythropsidium :-smallest known eye Habitat :-aquatic (can be fresh water / marine ) Nutrition - photosynthetic, ingestion of prey through Oodinium, Notiluca Reproduction :-fission (asexual ) Sexual mode is seen only in some of them  Red tide They are also known as algal bloom  The coloration of the sea into red is due to rapid multiplication of the red dianoflagellates, gonyaulux, is termed red tide Chemicals released during this processs is extremely harmful for the survival of other aquatic life Euglenoids They share characteristics of both plants and animals  They have a shape changing motion  - metaboly Cell wall

Diatomaceous earth Accumulation of cell wall  deposits of diatoms over several years form diatomaceous earth Uses Filteration of oils and syrups Polishing Tooth pastes Grains storage in agriculture Facial scrubs 

Protista Characteristics Eukaryotes :-Specific membrane-bound cell organelles & distinct nucleus  They are mostly  unicellular i,e made of one cell Some are autotrophic, while other are heterotrophic They prefer moist and aquatic habitats They reproduce both sexually and asexually They are plant - like protists (algae)  They are animal like - protists(protozoa) They are fungus like -protists (slime moulds, water moulds ) Protists They are of  five types:- Chrysophytes Euglenoids Protozoans Dianoflagellates Slime moulds Chrysophytes They are also known as golden plants They are diatoms  plant- like protists They contain chlorophyll, carotene, & Xanthophylls Rigid cell wall made of pectin/cellulose/sillica Habitat:-  Aquatic Can be fresh water/ marine Float passively on water Mostly photosynthetic Diatoms: main producers of food in oceans  Store food as oil  Few are heterotrophic eating small bacteria Reproduction  :-Moslty

Monera reproduction Asexual mode Sexual mode Asexual mode of reproduction Monera reproduces mostly through asexual mode of reproduction by fission, spore formation etc. Sexual mode of reproduction

Kingdom monera  Eubacteria They are true bacteria Flagellum is present in them  They have a rigid cell wall Habitat :-  They can be found almost everywhere including human beings, may occupy moist habitats Nutrition Photosynthetic autotrophs :- Cynobacteria (  blue green algae ) - They prepare their own food in the presence of sunlight with chlorophyll Chemosynthetic autotrophs :-They prepare their own food with the help of chemicals (oxidising nitrites, nitrates, ammonia ) .  They help in recycling of nutrients like sulphur nitrogen etc Heterotrophs :- They are saprophytes , decomposers ,feed on dead and decomposed organisms/matter , parasites, live inside  other organisms & derive from them. Cynobacteria (blue green algae) cyno refers to blue ; hence termed as cynobacteria They perform photsynthesis  They are responsible for enriching atmosphere with oxygen Heterotrophic eubacteria They are decomposers -bacillus, streptomyces, pseudomonas Curd

MONERA: BACTERIA Characteristics These are the oldest life forms  prokaryotes: no defined cell organelles  or nucleus They are unicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Autotrophic: prepare their own food - photosynthetic and chemosynthetic Heterotrophic: they depend on others for their food.  Bacteria Appear in variety of shapes and sizes Inhabit soil, water, radioactive waste & the  deep portions of the earth's crusts, deep oceans, hot springs, snow, deserts. Live in plant /animal bodies  It shows symbiosis: a relationship of mutual  benefit between two organism. There are four types of bacteria based on shapes :- coccus(spherical), Bacillus(cylindrical), Vibrium(comma shaped), spirrillum(spiral) Some bacteriae:- Archaebacteria Eubacteria Mycoplasma Cynobacteria E.coli Archaebacteria These are ancient bacteria found on earth They have a rigid cell wall Habitat:-extreme habitats, High salt concenteration, High te

Biological classification Topics Introduction 2-kingdom classification whittaker 5-kingdom classification kingdom monera  Archaebacteria Eubacteria Mycoplasma kingdom protista chrosophytes Dianoflagellates Euglenoids Slime moulds Protozoans Kingdom fungi Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes Viruses,viroids &lichens Introduction classification of living organism classifying living organism into groups based on their certain  set of characteristics (characteristics is a feature or a quality belonging to a particular  organism) Aristotle's attempt to classify living organism. He classified organisms based on habitats Land (terrestrial) -cat, dogs,human beings water(aquatic )-fish,shark,octopus Air(aerial )-bat,crow etc. He classified plants also; Herbs Shrubs Trees But then this type of classification is not very effective,because it was seen that even though there were several